INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
Characteristics of Computers
Speed
Computer is an electronic machine. So, we can compare its speed with the speed of electrons. The time required to execute a basic operation (like addition, subtraction, etc.,) is known as the speed. Small computers take a few microseconds (10 -6 seconds) to execute a basic operation. Large computers take only a few nanoseconds (10 -9 seconds) for the same. Today, we use computers in banks, offices, industries, etc., only because of their great speed.
Accuracy
Computers are 100% accurate. They do not make mistakes. If the result is wrong, then it will be only because of the programmer. They have built-in circuits to check common errors. (eg. divide error by zero).
Memory
We store data, instructions and computer programs in memory. Instructions in a program are executed one by one at a very great speed. The results are also stored in memory. The data instructions and programs stored in memory can be got back any time we want. Computers also support storing of data and instructions in secondary memories like floppy or hard disks.
Diligence
Computers can work for long hours without getting tired. If a computer has to do 10 million calculations, it will do all of them with the same speed and accuracy.
Automation
The ability of the computer to automatically do the given work (without human help) is called automation. A computer when programmed can automatically get input data, process and give output results without requiring human help.
Versatility
Computer is a versatile tool. It means that we can use the computers for business, scientific or any other applications. A computer does a lot of wonderful works with its basic capabilities (like arithmetic, logical comparisons, move data). Hence, we call it a versatile tool.
Hardware and Software
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer.
Examples
Electronic Circuits inside the computer,
CPU, disk drive, Keyboard, Printer.
Software refers to the computer programs. These programs are used to run and control the hardware.
Examples
1. All user programs.
2. Programs supplied by software agencies.
Relationship between hardware and software
To use a computer, we must have both hardware and software. Software is to hardware as what fuel is to a motor car. Hardware without software powerless. Software without hardware I useless.
Classification of Computers based on basic principles of operation
Analog Computer
A Computer, which operates by measuring continuously varying quantities like voltage and current is called and Analog Computer.
Examples
Thermometer, Slide rule, dial gauge.
Digital Computers
A Computer, which operates by counting is called a Digital Computer.
Examples
Digital watches, Personal Computers.
Hybrid Computers
They are a combination of both analog and digital computers.
Examples
1. Computers used for process controls.
2. Computers used for control of space vehicles.
3. Fighter aircrafts.
Memory
Primary Memory/Main Memory
The memory unit of a computer is called primary memory or main memory. Data, instructions and programs are stored in this memory in binary form. Information stored in this memory can be erased and rewritten. Information stored in main memory are directly proceed by the computer at a very great speed. It is a volatile memory. The memory capacity is limited.
Secondary Memory
The primary memory of a computer is limited and also volatile. So, we need secondary memories like floppy disk or hard disk. We can store large amount of information in secondary memory. Information stored in this memory are permanent. They can be got back any time.
RAM
RAM means Random Access Memory. It is also known as read and write memory. Information stored in this memory can be erased and rewritten. It is a volatile memory. Information stored in this memory are lost when the power goes off.
ROM
ROM means Read Only Memory. It is a non-volatile memory. Information stored in the memory are not lost when the power goes off. Writing into ROM is does only once (at the time of manufacturing). We cannot write information in this memory.
PROM
PROM means Programmable Read Only Memory. ROM is programmed by the manufacturer. But, PROM can be programmed by any user using “PROM Programmer” device. After PROM can be programmed, we can only read information.
EPROM
EPROM means Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Unlike ROM and PROM information stored in this memory can be erased and rewritten. Erasing is done by exposing to ultra violet light for about 20 minutes. After EPROM is programmed, we can only ready information.
EEPROM
EEPROM means Electrically Erasable Programmable Only Memory. Information stored in this memory can be erased electrically and rewritten. After EEPROM is programmed, we can only read information.
Organisation of Floppy Disks
Floppy disks are flexible plastic diskettes coated with magnetic oxides. A floppy disk is kept inside a jacket (cover). The cover protects the floppy from any dust particles. A floppy is divided into a number of concentric circles called tracks. Each track is divided into equal number of sectors.
Organisation of Hard Disks
A hard disk is a fixed disk completely sealed in an air-tight, dust free container. A hard disk consists of a number of disks packed together and mounted on a common shaft. Disks are coated on both sides with magnetic material. A disk pack having 6 plate will have 10 recording surfaces. (The top surface of the disk and bottom surface of the bottom disk are not used). There are movable read/write heads for each surface.
Keyboard
It is an input device. It gets data, instruction from the user and stores them in computer memory. When a key is pressed, it generates and ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). This code is transmitted into the computer.
Mouse
It is an input device. It has two or three buttons. It usually rolls on a bearing. When it is rolled across a flat surface, the cursor on the VDU moves. It is easier for non-typists.
When the mouse is moved, the small ball kept under the mouse is rolled. The movement of the ball is converted into electrical signals and sent to the computer. Moue is very important for Windows and other GUI (Graphical User Interface) applications.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
It is an input device. It can read printed characters, bar codes and hand-made marks and transmits them to computer memory. It has a photo electric device to scan the printed document. Light is passed onto the document. The absorbance/reflectance of light recognizes the printed character.
Advantages
1. Document can be fed directly into the computer.
2. Document can be read and verified by the user.
3. Error during preparation of data can be eliminated.
Visual Display Unit (VDU)
It is an output device. It uses a Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. It displays the characters typed on keyboard. This helps to correct wrong entries. It also shows the results of programs. It can display 24 lines at a time in a full screen. In a single line, it can display up too 80 characters. It is also called a monitor. There are monochrome and colour monitors.
Dot Matrix Printer
It prints characters as a 7 x 5 matrix. That is, each character is printed in 7 rows and 5 columns.
The dots are produced by wires fixed to a print-head. The wires are operated by a solenoid (a coil producing magnetic field when current is passed through) operated by signals from CPU. When operated, they protrude (come out of the head), strike the ribbon against the paper producing dots and go back in to the head.
Advantages
1. Cost is low
2. Easy to operate
3. Prints 30 to 300 characters per second.
Laser Printers
They are high speed non-impact printer. The quality is high. The printing speed is from 10 to 20 pages per minute. Because of the quality and speed, today we use them in place of the offset printing machines.
Next, a laser beam expose the area not to be printed. The areas to be printed will be charged. A dry toner is applied on the drum surface. The toner sticks to the charged areas of the drum. The image of the drum is then transferred electro statically to the paper. Finally, the image is fused with heat, pressure or both.
Advantages
1. Printing quality is high
2. Printing speed is high
3. A replacement for offset machine.
Ink-jet Printers
Characters and images are formed from dots. The dots are produced by tiny droplets of ink on the paper. Actually, this printer contains an ink tank from which ink can be pumped through a nibble. The droplets are then guided to proper position on
cdthe paper by electrically charged deflection plats. The printing quality is good because a character is formed by dozens of ink dots. It a droplet is not needed for a particular character, it is recycled back to the ink tank.
Advantages
1. Cost is low when compared to laser printer.
2. Printing quality is high.
3) Less noise.
Definition of an Operating System
Operating System is a collection of programs which controls the activities of the computer. It allows the user to use the computer resources. (like Printer, hard disk, etc.,) effectively. It is stored in the hard disk / floppy disk. It is loaded into the computer memory when the poser is switch on.
Examples
DOS, UNIX, WINDOWS-NT
DOS – Disk Operating System
It is the most popular operating system used in personal computers. This operating system is basically designed for a singly user. It ha a large number of command for maintaining and managing files. The commands use only simple English words.
Examples
TYPE - for typing file contents on the screen
PRINT - for printing file
CLS - for clearing screen, etc.,
It is a user friendly interactive operating system.
Booting with DOS
Booting is the process of making ready the system to interact with the user. When the power us turned on to the computer, the programs for the booting operations are loaded into computer memory from floppy/hard disk.
Files and Directories
A file is a collection of related information like date, programs, text, etc., Each file is given a name. Files are stored on disks and accessed by file names. A file name can have 8 characters starting with a alphabet and can have an extension of 3 characters.
DOS Internal Commands
DATE
DOS maintains a calendar clock such that the current date is always available. The current date can be changed. The syntax is :
Ex: date
TIME
DOS maintains real-time calendar clock such that the current time are always available. The current time can be used. The syntax is:
Ex : time
VER
It displays the current version of the operating system. The syntax is :
Ex: ver
CLEAR SCREEN
The CLS clears the information on the screen leaving only system prompt and the cursor. This command has the followed syntax :
cls
CD
We can change the default directory in any drive. To change the directory the commands, used are CHDIR (or) CD. The syntax is :
cd path
MD
MKDIR or MD command is used to create a new director. The syntax is
md directory name
RD
RMDIR or RD command is ued to remove the directory from the floppy or hard disk. The syntax is
rd directory – name
TYPE
TYPE command is used to display the contents of a file. This is used to display the contents on the screen and also on the printer too. This command has the following.
syntax : type file name
COPY
To Copy the files from one storage device to another COPY commands is used. This command has the following Syntax :
copy source destination
DEL
The Commands ERASE or Del are used to remove a file from the diskette. This command has the followed syntax :
del file name
REN
The RENAME (Ren) is used to change the name of existing files. This command has the following syntax :
ren old-filename new-file name
DOS External Commands
PROMPT
When we change the default directory we would like to keep track of the current directory name and the default directory name. If the PC does not displays the directory name we can use ‘PROMPT’ command. The syntax :
prompt $P$
FORMAT
We must format all new diskettes before we use them. The Formatting of diskettes is done with the help of the DOS command FORMAT. This Command checks if the Disk Contains any bad sectors and creates the root directory.
format drivename / switches
/s - copy system files
X COPY
X COPY command is used to copy all the files in a directory, including the files in the subdirectory of the directory (Except hidden and system files) The syntax is:
x copy source (destination) (/y/-y)
ATTRIB
This command is used to display, set, or remove to Read-Only, Archive, System, and Hidden attributes assigned to files or directories.
BACKUP
If we want to keep a copy of all files from all sub-directories in hard disk to the floppy disk the BACKUP command is used. This is an external DOS command. The syntax is
BACKUP C:/path destination-drive.
RESTORE
It will copy the data backedup from floppy to hard disk . The syntax is
restore source-source-drive: c:/path
MOVE
The MOVE command is used to move the files to different locations. It can also rename the subdirectories. The syntax is
move source target
DEFRAG
The DEFRAG command is used to recognize the files on the hard disk. The syntax
defrag drive:/switches
DELTREE
Deleting a directory including all its files and subdirectories
The DELTREE commands removes a directory including all its files and subdirectories. The syntax id
deltree directoryname
WINDOWS
Functions of Windows
Windows, in addition to operation carried out by other operations systems, it provides PNP (Plug and Play) capability. It means it can detect new devices connected to it automatically during booting and install these devices itself. It has multimedia programs, using them we can hear the music, view the video and see the animation and graphics. It provides multitasking capability. The window explorer provides better and easier file handling operations. It has Internet Explorer which is a browser, used in Internet applications.
Windows elements
Control Box
It is on top-left corner of the windows. It contains control menu, which provides the options for closing or moving the windows.
Title bar
It contains the title of the application document.
Menu bar
It contains the menus. Each menu contains a list of commands.
Minimize button
Reduces the window to an icon and arranges it on the desktop.
Maximize button
Enlarges the active windows.
Scroll bar
It has arrow button to move through a document left or right, up or down.
Restore button
It is same as maximize button. When this button is clicked, it restores the window to its previous size.
Mouse Actions
Window is a menu driven software. Mouse is used to move the cursor on the screen and to point an item and run the corresponding application. The following table gives the four basic mouse actions with their uses:
Sl.No. | Mouse actions | Use |
1. | Click | To select an item. This can be done by clicking the left mouse button |
2. | Double click | To run an application |
3. | Right click | To view the properties of a selected item. |
4. | Drag | To move an item in the desktop from one location to another. This cana be done by pressing the left mouse button, holding it and moving it to the destination and then releasing the button. |
Definition of Word Processing
“Word Processing’, in computer terminology, refers to the typing, editing and formatting of any kind of document, which could be a letter, a memorandum, a balance sheet or something similar. As the term suggests, a word processor simply processes words, that is, textual information. You can use it to print letters, reports, booklets and so forth, in a layout you desire. This the word processor does by simply formatting the information you keyed into the computer. (Keying information into a computer is a process similar to typing.)
Applications of Word Processing
1. Letter & Faxes
2. Memos
3. Booklets
4. Payroll
5. Accounts
6. Budgeting
7. Mail Merge
8. Web pages.
Introduction to MS WORD
Microsoft Word is an efficient and full-featured word processor that provides you with all the tools you need to produce a tremendous variety of document types-everything from simple documents such as memos and outlines to complex documents such as newsletters and internet-ready HTML pages. You create your Word documents in the Word Window which provides you with easy access to all the tools you need to create all your documents.
Document
In Microsoft word every file is called as document. the documents are saved with the extension .DOC.
MS-EXCEL
MS-EXCEL is the one of the very powerful spreadsheet software which is developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is very useful to store the data, calculating the data, creating charts and graphs. We can perform the complex calculations using this MS-Excel.
Features of Excel
Ø User – Friendly spreadsheet program.
Ø Automatic number formatting, Summation, Worksheet formatting.
Ø Built – in spell checking.
Ø High performance Chart and Graphs.
Ø Multiple Undo (up to 16 operations)
Ø Easier entry of range references in dialog boxes.
Ø Row and column headings indicate the active cell.
Ø Better drag-and-drop editing.
Applications of Excel
ü Budgeting.
ü Annaul reports of business firms.
ü Income statement and Income tax calculations.
ü Banking Calculations.
ü Cost Analysis and Production and Marketing analysis etc.,
Work Books
In Microsoft Excel, a workbook is the file in which you work and store your data. Because each workbook can contain many sheets, you can organize various kinds of related information in a single file.
Work Sheets
The Primary document that you use in Excel to store and work with data is called as Worksheet or Spreadsheet. The worksheet consists of cells that organized into the columns and rows. The worksheet is always stored in the workbook. Worksheets are used to list and analyze data. You can enter and edit data on several worksheets simultaneously and performs calculations based on data from multiple worksheets.
Some basic informations about the Worksheet
Rows in a worksheet | 1 to 65536 |
Columns in a worksheet | A to IV (256) |
First cell of a worksheet | A1 |
Last cell of a worksheet | IV 65536 |
Total number of cells in a worksheet | 1,67,77,216 |
Maximum characters per cell | 255 |
Maximum character in formula | 1024 |
Printing the Worksheet
For printing the worksheet, select the Print option from the file menu or click print icon in the standard toolbar. It displays Print dialog box, you may select your printer, pages to be printed, number of copies. Preview button in this dialog box is used to preview the printed area. If you select Properties button, you may change your paper size, print quality.
Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns
Many a time you may require to add a row of data or a column of data which your forgot to enter earlier. Excel provides you the facility to insert rows or columns into the existing worksheet very easily. One thing, which has to be taken care of, is that inserting a row of data will shift the rest of rows down and cause the last row of the worksheet to be removed. Same is the case while we insert a column in the worksheet, the rest of the columns shift right. This happens because the total number of rows and columns remain the same. If there is any data in the last row or column of the worksheet that will be lost.
Data base management
Every organization works towards maintaining data of various kinds, e.g., all the details of the employees, sales details, client data, products data. The purpose of storing and marinating data is to retrieve it later for day-to-day transactions and management planning. The data, which is collected from the source is the raw data. Various operations can be carried out with the data, like, sorting, searching and totaling. This is processed and manipulated to be transformed as Information. The most important database features of MS-EXCEL is a powerful and simplified tool to store, manage and analyse data. There are two kinds of databases. They are Internal Database and External Data-base.
Internal Database:
Database created in the worksheet is called as Internal Database.
External Database:
External Database:
Data base which is created through other DBMS (Data Base Management System) or RDBMS (Relational DBMS) packages like MS-Access, FOXPRO, Dbase, SQL Server, ORACLE.
DATA PROCESSING (MS-ACCESS)
A database is a collection of related information.
For example, a telephone book is an example of a database; it contains related information about each person listed in it’ his or her name, address and telephone number.
A database contains records and fields. A record is a collection of different types of information about the same subject. In the case of telephone book, each person (listing) is a record. A filed is a category of information; in the case of the telephone book, the category “Address” is a field.
Relational Database
A relational database utilizes two or more tables, containing data arranged in rows and columns, to cross-reference and define relationships between the data.
A relational database split up the information into more manageable small pieces. A relationship among these pieces of information is made in order to achieve.
Fast data entry
Provide Speed
Flexibility in managing data
Flexibility in locating data
Flexibility to make reports
Easy Sorting of information
Easy Search for information
Facility to avoid duplication of data etc.,
The above advantages can be achieved with the help of the database organization in a relational database. A relational database comprises of several objects such as Tables, Forms, Queries, Reports etc.,
Tables – A table is a collection of records. A table is the basic object and element of the Database. A database can contain several tables.
Forms – A form is just a data entry window just like normal forms. The data entry can be done easily in a form than in a table. We can design our forms to provide an attractive look. We can place windows controls such as Command button, list box, combo box etc., in order to help the user to enter the data easily. We can also use the forms to view the data present in the table or query.
The another most important help we get from Forms are we can calculate the data at the data entry time dynamically. Suppose, if we are entering a data of a student that contains the student’s name, marks etc., then we have to calculate the total, average marks to the student. There is no need to calculate it manually. We can write simple programming code to calculate the total and average and at the time of data entry, the total and average is automatically calculated using the code we have written.
Queries:
A query is a condition given to the table or a query to extract some data in it. The result of a query is a table like structure called dynaset. A dynaset contain the extracted data. A query can extract data from more than one table also. This is one of the major features present in a relational database.
Reports:
A report is the final paper statement of the data present in the database. We can make reports from tablets, queries. If we have to have the full data present in the table, then we can make the report from the table. If we have to have the data that meet certain condition, then we can create a query, and make the query result as the report.
Macros:-
A macro is a set of sequence operations. When a macro is executed, the set of sequence operations we specified in the macro is done one by one. A macro can be applied in a place where we want to do some operations repeatedly with small interval.
Modules:
A module contains set of procedures ( A procedure is defined as a set of instructions that is used to perform a specific task) that can execute in order to ease our take in managing the data. With the help of modules we can automate some tasks as incrementing the age of all the employees in a table by I after every completes.
Working with External Data
Importing data
Importing data creates a copy of its information in a now table in your Access database or Access project. The source table or file is not altered in this process.
When importing data, you can’t append data to existing tables (except when importing spreadsheet or text files). However, once you have imported a table, in an Access database you can perform an append query or in an Access project you can use a stored procedure to add the table’s data to another table.
You can also import database objects other than tables, such as forms or reports, from another Access database or Access project.
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Introduction to data prcessing
Data is the term given to all the facts that record an event, an activity or situation. The data when treated as isolated values does not given useful meaning. They can be processed in various specific ways in order to given them a useful meaning.
Data Processing includes the techniques of
* Sorting
* Relating
* Interpreting
* Computing items of data
or order to provide meaningful and useful information.
The data must be processed according to predefined procedures and rules arranged in a specific order.
The Steps by which information data is expressed as data processed and returned to individuals as updated and useful information, is known as Data Processing. |
Generally, the following steps are involved in data processing.
1. Preparation of source data or document
2. Input of data
3. Manipulation of data
4. Output of information
5. Data Storage
Data Preparation
Data processing includes data preparation as its primary step. The term “data preparation” represents obtaining the relevant data needed in the subject that we are dealing in.
The data must be collected first and then the data is recorded as records in files.
Verification
Accuracy of the data is ensured whenever the data is collected
To ensure accuracy and correctness of the data that is collected we have to verify it.
The verification process involves verifying the information fed into the forms (used to collect information) as correct.
Editing and Checking
If there is any mistake or wrong entry found while verifying the collected data, it is to be edited first to correct the error. After the wrong entry or other mistakes are edited then it is to be checked again to ensure the edited information is correct.
For example,
If the data collected in the population survey found to be mistake, then the erroneous data has to be edited then it is to be checked again to ensure the edited information is correct information. If Suppose, the name “Sudhakar” has been misspelled as “Sudhakar”, then the name should be edited correctly. After the name is edited it has to be checked properly to ensure the misspelled name is edited correctly and found correct. |
Verification
Accuracy of the data is ensured whenever the data is collected.
To ensure accuracy and correctness of the data that is collected we have to verify it.
The verification process involves verifying the information fed into the forms (used to collect information) as correct.
Editing and Checking
If there is any mistake or wrong entry found while verifying the collected data, it is to be edited first to correct the error. After the wrong entry or other mistakes are edited then it is to be checked again to ensure the edited information is correct.
For example,
If the data collected in the population survey found to be mistake, then the erroneous data has to be edited with the correct information. If suppose, the name “Sudhakar” has been misspelled as “Sudhakar”, then the name should be edited correctly. After the name is edited it has to be checked properly to ensure the misspelled name is edited correctly and found correct. |
INTRODUCTION OF ACCOUNTANCY
Definition
The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants defines accounting as the “art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events, which are, in part atleast, of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof”.
Recording - Recording is done in the book called as Journal
Classification - The transactions recorded in the Journal is
classified and posted to the main book called as Ledger.
Summarizing - The Transactions recorded in the Ledger will
be summarized and the balance in each Account will be ascertained and list of such balances called Trial Balance.
In terms of money, - Only quantitative and monetary transactions
are Transactions & events subject to accounting treatment
INTERNET AND E-MAIL
The Internet is a world-wide collection of computer networks. It provides access to communication services and information resources to millions of users around the globe. Internet is also called as the network of networks. It is a group of two or more networks that are interconnected, capable of communicating and sharing data with each other, and able to act together as a single network.
The computers on one network can communicate with computers on other networks and send data, files and other information back and forth. For this it follows a set of rules called TCP/IP Protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). The Internet covers the globe and includes large, international networks as well as many smaller, local area networks (LANs). It is not owned by any individual, company or country.
Usage of Internet:
Internet is the cheapest and fastest means to (a) get information (b) provide information and (c) compile information.
Different types of connections:
We can connect to the ISP using a telephone line and a MODEM. In this connection, the user computer is connected to the telephone line via MODEM. The MODEM converts the computer data into modulated signals that the telephone line can transmit. These signals are received by a MODEM at the ISP computer and demodulated into computer data.
To establish a dial-up connection to the Internet, we need the following:
1. An account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP). In India VSNL, Dishnet, Satyam Online and some other ISPs are available .
2. A telephone line connection.
3. A computer with serial port for connecting external MODEM or an expansion slot for connecting Internal MODEM.
4. A MODEM (external/Internal).
5. A browser software such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape navigator, etc. and an e-mail software such as Microsoft Internet Mail, Netscape Messenger, Eudora Pro, etc. For shell account holders the browser software Lynx and the e-mail software Pine are available on the VSNL server and can be accessed using the shell account menu.
Direct connection:
In this scheme, we can get a direct connection to the ISP through a fixed cable or dedicate phone line. Often the dedicated line is an ISDN line which is a higher speed version of the standard phone line. ISDN can handle upto 56,000 bps.
By having a dedicated line connection, we need not use a MODEM to connect the computer to the Internet. But a router is used.
Publishing the Web
After the Web pages are tested, it is the time to publish it. That is, place the Web pages on the Server and make them other to use it with security. The security should be both on the server side and on the viewer side.
Server:
Server is computer program that makes data available to other programs on the same computer or on other computer – it ‘serves’ them.
E-Mail
Electronic Mail (e-mail) is an electronic message sent from one computer to another via communication links. The messages sent may be personal or business-related with attachments like pictures or other documents.
Just as a letter or document makes stop at different postal stations along it way, an e-mail is also passed from one computer to another as it travels along the network. Each computer reads the e-mail address and routes it to another computer until it reaches the destination. It is then stored in an electronic mailbox. With the Internet, this whole process takes a few minutes which makes the communication so quickly and easily around the world anytime of the day or night. We can send e-mail to anyone for those having an e-mail address anywhere in the world. Initially e-mail was good for only short textual information. Now-a-days, after the invention on Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME), we can also send formatted documents, photos, sound files and video files as attachments.
Components of an e-mail
One piece of an e-mail has three main parts:
1. Headers
2. Message body
3. Signature
Deleting Messages
Deleting messages is necessary to keep the amount of e-mail in the Inbox and other folders under control. Highlight the entries in the message list and press the DELETE key on the keyboard or press the icon DELETE. Deleting a message sends it to the folder TRASH. To delete the mail permanently go to trash folder and delete it.
Composing and Sending e-mail
Composing e-mail means preparing e-mail. This is done by following the steps given below.
1. Open the compose mail window by press Ctrl + N.
2. Fill in the header which contains the recipients address.
3. Compose/type the message body.
4. Send it by clicking on the icon labeled Send.
The mail window can be opened by press Ctrl + N or click in File on the Menu bar and choose New Mail Message.
We can move to header to header by pressing the tab key. It contails three part
Send To : Addresses of primary receiver(s)
Cc : Addresses where copies of the e-mail will be sent
Subject : What the message is about (brief description)
Attachments : name(s) of file to attach to the message.
Forwarding E-mail
Forwarding e-mail means passing the e-mail we have received to another address. We can do it by selecting one or may e-mails from the message list and then clicking on the icon labeled forward.
When we select the message to be forwarded, a message composing window will appear. The subject filed is filled with (Fed: “Subject of original message) and the message or the messages being forwarded are included as attachments. Any attachments to the original message are included with the forwarded message.
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